MICROSOF DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (MS DOS)
                                      
 
HISTORY
        MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS– owned by Seattle Computer Products, written by Tim Paterson. Development of 86-DOS took only six weeks, as it was basically a clone of Digital Research's CP/M (for 8080/Z80 processors), ported to run on 8086 processors and with two notable differences compared to CP/M; an improved disk sector buffering logic and the introduction of FAT12 instead of the CP/M file system. This first version was shipped in August 1980. Microsoft, which needed an operating system for the IBM Personal Computerhired Tim Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS 1.10 for $75,000 in July of the same year. Microsoft kept the version number, but renamed it MS-DOS. They also licensed MS-DOS 1.10/1.14 to IBM, who, in August 1981, offered it as PC DOS 1.0 as one of three operating systems for the IBM 5150, or the IBM PC.
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Within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies.  It was designed to be an OS that could run on any 8086-family computer. Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS-DOS, similar to the situation that existed for CP/M, and with MS-DOS emulating the same solution as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms. To this end, MS-DOS was designed with a modular structure with internal device drivers, minimally for primary disk drives and the console, integrated with the kernel and loaded by the boot loader, and installable device drivers for other devices loaded and integrated at boot time. The OEM would use a development kit provided by Microsoft to build a version of MS-DOS with their basic I/O drivers and a standard Microsoft kernel, which they would typically supply on disk to end users along with the hardware. Thus, there were many different versions of "MS-DOS" for different hardware, and there is a major distinction between an IBM-compatible (or ISA) machine and an MS-DOS [compatible] machine. Some machines, like the Tandy 2000, were MS-DOS compatible but not IBM-compatible, so they could run software written exclusively for MS-DOS without dependence on the peripheral hardware of the IBM PC architecture.
This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS-DOS services to perform device I/O, and indeed the same design philosophy is embodied in Windows NT (see Hardware Abstraction Layer). However, in MS-DOS's early days, the greater speed attainable by programs through direct control of hardware was of particular importance, especially for games, which often pushed the limits of their contemporary hardware. Very soon an IBM-compatible architecture became the goal, and before long all 8086-family computers closely emulated IBM's hardware, and only a single version of MS-DOS for a fixed hardware platform was needed for the market. This version is the version of MS-DOS that is discussed here, as the dozens of other OEM versions of "MS-DOS" were only relevant to the systems theywere designed for, and in any case were very similar in function and capability to the same-numbered standard version for the IBM PC, with a few notable exceptions.
On 25 March 2014, Microsoft made the code to SCP MS-DOS 1.25 and a mixture of Altos MS-DOS 2.11 and TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 available to the public under the Microsoft Research License Agreement, which makes the code source-available, but not open source as defined by Open Source Initiative or Free Software Foundation standards.
As an April Fools joke in 2015, Microsoft Mobile launched a Windows Phone application called MS-DOS Mobile which was presented as a new mobile operating system and worked similar to MS-DOS.
Versions:
Microsoft licensed or released versions of MS-DOS under different names like Lifeboat Associates "Software Bus 86"aka SB-DOS, COMPAQ-DOS, NCR-DOS or Z-DOS before it eventually enforced the MS-DOS name for all versions but the IBM one, which was originally called "IBM Personal Computer DOS", later shortened to IBM PC DOS. (Competitors released compatible DOS systems such as DR DOS and PTS-DOS that could also run DOS applications.)
The following versions of MS-DOS were released to the public:
·                     MS-DOS 1.x
o        Version 1.10 (OEM) – possible basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.0
o        Version 1.11 (OEM) – possible basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.0
o        Version 1.14 (OEM) – possible basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.0
o        Version 1.24 (OEM) – basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.1
o        Version 1.25 (OEM) – basis for non-IBM OEM versions of MS-DOS, including SCP MS-DOS 1.25
·                     Compaq-DOS 1.12, a Compaq OEM version of MS-DOS (1.25 or higher)
·                     Zenith Z-DOS 1.19, a Zenith OEM version of MS-DOS (1.25 or higher)[19]
  • MS-DOS 2.x –
Support for 10 MB hard disk drives and tree-structure filing system
    • Version 2.0 (OEM)
    • Version 2.1 (OEM)
    • Version 2.11 (OEM)
      • Altos MS-DOS 2.11, an Altos OEM version of MS-DOS 2.11 for the ACT-86C
      • TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11, an TeleVideo OEM version of MS-DOS 2.11
  • MS-DOS 3.x
    • Version 3.0 (OEM) – Support for FAT16. First version to support 5.25 inch, 1.2 MB floppy drives and diskettes.
    • Version 3.1 (OEM) – Support for Microsoft Networks
    • Version 3.11 (OEM) - First version to support 3.5 inch, 720 kB floppy drives and diskettes.
    • Version 3.2 (OEM)
    • Version 3.21 (OEM)
    • Version 3.22 (OEM) - (HP 95LX)
    • Version 3.25 (OEM)
    • Version 3.3 (OEM) - First version to support 3.5 inch, 1.44 MB floppy drives and diskettes.
    • Version 3.3a (OEM)
    • Version 3.31 (OEM)– supports FAT16B and larger drives.

  • MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking) and MS-DOS 4.1 –
  • A separate branch of development with additional multitasking features, released between 3.2 and 3.3, and later abandoned. It is unrelated to any later versions, including versions 4.00 and 4.01 listed below
  • MS-DOS 4.x (IBM-developed) – includes a graphical/mouse interface. It had many bugs and compatibility issues.
    • Version 4.00 (OEM) - First version to support a single hard disk partition that is greater than 32 MiB and up to a maximum size of 2 GiB (SHARE.EXE was required to be loaded to access these partitions).
    • Version 4.01 (OEM) – Microsoft rewritten Version 4.00 released under MS-DOS label but not IBM PC-DOS. First version to introduce volume serial number when formatting hard disks and floppy disks (Disk duplication also and when using SYS to make a floppy disk or a partition of a hard drive bootable).
    • Version 4.01a (OEM)
  • MS-DOS 5.x
    • Version 5.0 (Retail) – includes a full-screen editor. A number of bugs required re issue. First version to support 3.5 inch, 2.88 MB floppy drives and diskettes. Hard disk partitions greater than 32 MiB and up to a maximum size of 2 GiB no longer required SHARE.EXE to be loaded in order to access them. Support was now provided by the MS-DOS kernel.
      • AST Premium Exec DOS 5.0 (OEM) - a version for the AST Premium Exec series of notebooks with various extensions, including improved load-high and extended codepage support
    • Version 5.0a (Retail) – With this release, IBM and Microsoft versions diverge.
    • Version 5.0.500 (WinNT) – All Windows NT 32-bit versions ship with files from DOS 5.0
  • MS-DOS 6.x
    • Version 6.0 (Retail) – Online help through QBASIC. Disk compression, upper memory optimization and antivirus included.
    • Version 6.2 – Scandisk as replacement for CHKDSK. Fix serious bugs in DBLSPACE.
    • Version 6.21 (Retail) – Stacker-infringing DBLSPACE removed.
    • Version 6.22 (Retail) – New DRVSPACE compression
  • MS-DOS 7.x
    • Version 7.0 (Windows 95, Windows 95A) – Support for VFAT long file names and 32-bits signed integer error level. New editor. JO.SYS is an alternative filename of the IO.SYS kernel file and used as such for "special purposes". JO.SYS allows booting from either CD-ROM drive or hard disk. Last version to recognize only the first 8.4 GB of a hard disk.
    • Version 7.1 (Windows 95B – Windows 98SE) – Support for FAT32 file system. Last general purpose DOS to load Windows.
  • MS-DOS 8.0
    • Version 8.0 (Windows ME) – Integrated drivers for faster Windows loading. Four different kernels (IO.SYS) observed.[28]
    • Version 8.0 (Windows XP) – DOS boot disks created by XP and later contain files from Windows ME. The internal command prompt still reports version 5.0
Microsoft DOS: was released through the OEM channel, until DRI released DR DOS 5.0 as a retail upgrade. With PC DOS 5.00.1, the IBM-Microsoft agreement started to end, and IBM entered the retail DOS market with IBM DOS 5.00.1, 5.02, 6.00 and PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000 and 7.1.
Localized versions of MS-DOS existed for different markets. While Western issues of MS-DOS evolved around the same set of tools and drivers just with localized message languages and differing sets of supported codepages and keyboard layouts, some language versions were considerably different from Western issues and were adapted to run on localized PC hardware with additional BIOS services not available in Western PCs, support multiple hardware codepages for displays and printers, support DBCS, alternative input methods and graphics output. Affected issues include Japanese (DOS/V), Korean, Arabic (ADOS 3.3/5.0), Hebrew (HDOS
First end-user releases of IBM–Microsoft-compatible versions
Major market-leading releases and releases introducing significant new technology
Date Version Primary developer Notable for introducing IBM hardware
August 1980 86-DOS 0.10 Tim Paterson First Seattle Computer release August 1981 PC DOS 1.0 Microsoft First IBM release IBM Personal Computer May 1982 PC DOS 1.1 Microsoft Double-sided disks Upgraded IBM Personal Computer March 1983 PC DOS 2.0 Microsoft Hard disk drive, directories, device drivers IBM Personal Computer XT November 1983 PC DOS 2.1 Microsoft Half-height disk drives, ROM cartridges IBM PCjr August 1984 PC DOS 3.0 Microsoft Support for larger disks IBM Personal Computer/AT April 1985 PC DOS 3.1 Microsoft Local area networking support IBM PC Network March 1986 PC DOS 3.2 Microsoft 312-inch 720 KB floppy support Token Ring network
IBM PC Convertible April 1987 PC DOS 3.3 IBM 312-inch 1.44 MB floppy support, extended partitions IBM Personal System/2 November 1987 MS-DOS 3.31 Compaq Hard disk partitions over 32 MB
May 1988 DR DOS 3.31 Digital Research ROM able DOS  July 1988 IBM DOS 4.0 IBM DOS Shell, EMS 4.0 usage April 1990 DR DOS 5.0 Digital Research Memory management June 1991 MS-DOS 5.0 Microsoft MS-DOS Editor, QBasic, first retail upgrade September 1991 DR DOS 6.0 Digital Research Disk compression (Add Stor's Super Store) March 1993 MS-DOS 6.0 Microsoft Disk utilities, DoubleSpace disk compression June 1993 PC DOS 6.1 IBM First IBM release after split with Microsoft, E September 1993
MS-DOS 6.2 Microsoft Improved version of DoubleSpace February 1994 MS-DOS 6.21 Microsoft DoubleSpace removed due to legal injunction April 1994 PC DOS 6.3 IBM Superstore/DS disk compression June 1994 MS-DOS 6.22 Microsoft Last Microsoft release; DriveSpace disk compression April 1995 PC DOS 7.0 IBM Memory optimizations, Stacker disk compression, REXX

1973–1980: Hardware foundations and CP/M

1973
IBM introduces the IBM 3740 data entry system, which introduced a new recording medium—a single-sided 8-inch-diameter read/write "memory disk"—the IBM diskette, to replace punched cards.[1] See also: History of the floppy disk
While working as a consultant to Intel, Gary Kildall, an instructor at the Naval Postgraduate School, writes CP/M, a simple "Control Program/Monitor" for an 8-bit Intel 8080 microprocessor-based Intellec-8[3][4] microcomputer development system[5] given him by Intel, to test out his PL/M compiler. The Intellec-8 supported a Teletype operating at 110 baud, a high speed punched paper tape reader[6] and a CRT terminal at 1200 baud. CP/M was finished before the hardware to run it on was completed, by using a PDP-10 to simulate the 8080. CP/M runs in approximately 312 kilobytes (KB) of memory.[7]
1974
Bill Gates, Paul Allen and Paul Gilbert develop the Traf-O-Data Intel 8008-based computer.[8] The 8-bit 8008 has a 14-bit address bus that can address 214 (16,384) memory locations, or 16 KB of memory.
Intel releases the 8080 (cost $360), which has a 16-bit address bus that can address 216 (65,536) memory locations, or 64 KB of memory. The dominant mainframe at the time, the IBM System/360, can address 224 (16,777,216) memory locations, or 16 megabytes (MB) of memory.
Information Terminals Corporation (ITC) introduces the first two-sided, double-capacity floppy disk—the model FF34-2000 flippy disk, compatible with IBM's 8-inch disk.[9][10]
Kildall refines CP/M. Convinced that magnetic-disk storage would make the Intellec-8 more efficient, Kildall interfaced the computer with an 8-inch Shugart Associates floppy disk drive using a custom built floppy disk controller. Kildall's friend John Torode developed the controller hardware while Kildall worked on the disk operating system software.[11] Believing, along with Intel's designers, that the microprocessor would run embedded systems such as digital watches, they market their hardware and software together—not as a microcomputer, but as a development system, used for programming 2048-bit (256-byte) Intel 1602A programmable read-only memory (PROM) or erasable 1702A EPROM chips which are plugged into a socket on the Intellec-8's front panel
1975
The Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) Altair 8800 is introduced, sparking the microcomputer revolution. Gates and Allen found Microsoft based on Altair BASIC, which for the first 112 years is primarily distributed on paper tape. MITS later distributes BASIC on cassette tape, supported by the Altair 88-ACR (Audio Cassette Recorder) interface boards. Cassettes were popular for another 112 years, before floppy disks took over.  The Altair's S-100 bus eventually becomes the first de facto standard microcomputer expansion bus, as by April 1980 there were probably over 200,000 installed S-100 systems, more than TRS-80, PET and Apple systems.
Kildall and Torode sell their first two machines and a word processor for newspaper editing to OMRON, a small San Francisco computer terminal subsidiary of a Japanese electronics firm, splitting $25,000. OMRON was the first company to license CP/M, for use in their intelligent terminal. CP/M was also used to monitor programs in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Octopus network.
The IBM 5100 Portable Computer is introduced. Mass storage is provided by quarter-inch cartridge (QIC) magnetic tape drives.
In December, IMS Associates, Inc. ships their first fifty IMSAI 8080 kits. They market their clone of the Altair 8800 as a "commercial grade" microcomputer system.
1975 market shares for low-cost data recording devices, according to a Venture Development Corp. study: Cassettes 73%, Floppies 22%, Cartridges 5%. The cassette was expected to retain its leadership position through 1980.
1976
IBM introduces additional hardware components for its 3600 finance communication system, including the first double-sided (dual head) floppy drive ITC adjusts Floppy (now a registered trademark) production to accommodate the new drive
IMSAI ships a large number of disk subsystems with a promise that an operating system would follow; Kildall adapts CP/M to the IMSAI hardware, rewriting the parts that manage devices like diskette controllers and CRTs. Having adapted CP/M for four different controllers, and somewhat reluctant to adapt it to yet another, Kildall designs a general interface, which he calls the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), that a good programmer could change on the spot for their hardware, e.g. Rob Barnaby for the IMSAI VDP-80 in 1977 This approach would be reinvented years later as the "hardware abstraction layer." Kildall founds Digital Research and releases CP/M version 1.3 as a commercial product, at $70 per copy. His wife sends diskettes to customers responding to an ad they ran in Dr. Dobb's Journal, whose editor Jim Warren pushed for sale of CP/M to the general public. An ad runs in the December Byte as well. Demand for the diskettes was slow at first.
Shugart introduces the (single-sided) minifloppy, the first 514-inch floppy drive.
1977
Torode's Digital Systems runs an ad in Byte for its Altair/IMSAI (S-100) bus floppy disk system.
IMSAI marketing director Seymour I. Rubinstein paid Kildall $25,000 for the right to run CP/M version 1.3, which eventually evolved into an operating system called IMDOS, on IMSAI 8080 computers. Other manufacturers follow and CP/M eventually becomes the de facto standard 8-bit operating system.
Tandon Magnetics files a patent for its double-sided ferrite disk read-and-write heads, which improved on IBM's design by employing a fixed transducer on one side and a movable transducer on the other side, and offered its Series 200 heads to OEMs. Eventually IBM, Shugart and other manufacturers became licensees of Tandon's patent. Later, Shugart introduces their double-sided, double-headed, double density minifloppy drive.
1978
Intel releases the 16-bit Intel 8086 microprocessor, which has a 20-bit address bus that can address 220 (1,048,576) memory locations, or one megabyte of segmented memory.
CP/M version 1.4 is released
IEEE proposes an S-100 standard, introducing a 16-bit data bus to the S-100.
Rubinstein founds MicroPro International. Its WordStar word processor application would become a de facto standard.
1979
January
Seattle Computer Products' Tim Paterson finishes the design of his first 8086 CPU card for the S-100 bus.
May
Paterson, with his working two-card prototype boardset installed in a Cromemco Z-2 box, drives to Microsoft to try it with Microsoft's Standalone Disk BASIC-86—a version of BASIC with a rudimentary built-in operating system—which Bob O'Rear developed for the 8086 by simulating the 8086 chip on a DEC computer. After eliminating a few minor bugs, Microsoft had a working 8086 BASIC.
Kildall confirms to The Intelligent Machines Journal that he is working on CP/M 2.0, for both 8080- and 8086-based systems.
June
Microsoft and Paterson attend the National Computer Conference in New York City to show Microsoft's 8086 BASIC running on Seattle Computer's system, sharing Lifeboat Associates' ten-by-ten-foot booth. At that meeting, Paterson is introduced to Microsoft's MDOS operating system (later renamed to MIDAS), which used a variant of Standalone BASIC's 8-bit File Allocation Table (FAT) file system.
July
Intel releases the Intel 8088 microprocessor, a lower cost variant of the 8086 which has an 8-bit external data bus instead of the 16-bit bus of the 8086 (the 16-bit registers and one megabyte address space were unchanged). To the programmer, the 8086 and 8088 instruction sets are identical, except for execution speed. The 8088 uses less expensive 8-bit RAM.
November
Seattle Computer Products ships its first 8086 card. Standalone Microsoft BASIC is the only major software product that runs on it.
Onyx Systems and Intelligent Business Machines Corp. announce that CP/M 2.0 is available for their systems.
1980
January
Omnix, advertised as a CP/M-compatible Unix-like operating system for Z80-based microcomputers, is released by Yourdon. It reportedly took over 50 KB of memory by itself and required some sort of bank-switching or extended address scheme to run any programs. Yourdon later withdrew the product due to software bugs.
March
CP/M 2.1 is released, fixing bugs in version 2.0. MP/M, the multitasking, multi-user version of CP/M, is just a "shell" that fits around CP/M 2.1.

1980–1995: Important events in DOS history

1980
April
Paterson begins writing an operating system for use with Seattle Computer Products' 8086-based computer, due to delays by Digital Research in releasing an operating system for the 8086 and 8088, and concerns about CP/M's shortcomings.

Microsoft introduces the Z-80 SoftCard, which gives Apple users the ability to run CP/M.

June
Shugart Technology releases the ST-506, the first 514-inch Winchester disk drive—price: $1,500.

July
IBM first contacts Microsoft to look the company over. Their secret Project Chess needs both programming languages and an operating system.

August
Paterson's operating system, which he calls QDOS 0.10 ("Quick and Dirty Operating System"), ships.[] It's crammed into 6 KB of code.[51] Seattle Computer Products runs an ad in Byte marketing it as 86-DOS for $95. Seattle Computer contacts Microsoft about adapting Microsoft BASIC for the new operating system, proposing a cross-licensing arrangement.

Microsoft announces Xenix, a port of Version 7 Unix to x86 computers, saying that it will prevent a 16-bit software crisis. Xenix will also be available for the PDP-11 as early as October; Motorola 68000 and Zilog Z8000 versions are also coming. Interest in Unix as "the next CP/M" resulted in the creation of several Unix-like operating systems, including an Onyx Systems version for the Z8000.

September
Allen negotiates an agreement with Seattle Computer for a non-exclusive sublicense for 86-DOS to an unnamed OEM customer for $25,000. All that was left was to translate the terms into a formal contract within 60 days.

October
Digital Research announces CP/M-86 for Intel 8086/8088 microcomputers. The file format of CP/M, Release 2, was retained for compatibility.

November
IBM signs a contract to license Pascal, COBOL, FORTRAN and BASIC compilers, a BASIC interpreter and an operating system for Project Chess from Microsoft.

December
Seattle Computer releases 86-DOS 0.3.

1981
January
Microsoft and Seattle Computer formally sign their agreement. Exhibit "A" of the agreement detailed extended 86-DOS features to be developed by Seattle Computer, including "Directory expanded to include date."

Digital Research ships CP/M-86 on January 23. Like CP/M, CP/M-86 consists of three major modules: the BIOS, BDOS (Basic Disk Operating System) supporting 60 system calls and the CCP (Console Command Processor). New system calls are mainly for the new memory allocation scheme that CP/M-86 uses. Intel's PL/M-86 was used to generate CP/M-86, which is basically the same as the 8-bit version, with the addition of file system enhancements as well as memory management.

February
O'Rear gets 86-DOS to run on IBM's prototype computer. 86-DOS had to be converted from 8-inch to 514-inch floppy disks and integrated with the BIOS, which Microsoft was helping IBM to write.[11] An Intellec ICE-88 in-circuit emulator expedited the debugging.

April
Paterson finishes, and Seattle Computer releases, 86-DOS 1.0 – presumably completing the requirements specified in Exhibit "A" of the Microsoft agreement.

May
Paterson leaves Seattle Computer Products for Microsoft and joins O'Rear to help finish adapting 86-DOS to IBM's prototype hardware.

June
Lifeboat Associates, the leading independent distributor of CP/M and CP/M software, offers Seattle Computer Products $200,000 or $250,000 for 86-DOS, to make it Lifeboat's 16-bit standard.

July
Kildall, angry after seeing the API for IBM's secret computer, that IBM had let selected programmers have, meets with IBM and agrees not to sue IBM for CP/M copyright infringement; IBM agrees to market CP/M-86 alongside DOS, but could not agree to set a price—according to Kildall's attorney, "They told us they feared it would be a violation of antitrust laws." Immediately afterwards, IBM sent their prototype machine to Kildall so that CP/M-86 could be installed. Digital Research hired consultant An Andy Johnson-Laird to customize CP/M-86 for IBM's computer, and Johnson-Laird quickly discovered O'Rear's name in the boot sector of IBM's floppy. Johnson-Laird said that Kildall "went ashen" when he saw that. On July 27, Microsoft buys all rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, initially for an additional $50,000 and favorable licenses back from Microsoft. After settling a 1986 SCP lawsuit, the total cost to Microsoft was $1 million. 1981 August Microsoft delivers its adapted 86-DOS 1.14 to IBM. The product includes three major modules: the BIOS initialization module SYSINIT, the kernel (IBMDOS.COM), including the DOS API, and the shell (COMMAND.COM) supporting internal commands COPY, DIR, ERASE, RENAME and TYPE, plus Paterson's EDLIN line editor and DEBUG debugger, linker LINK.EXE and a few external commands: FORMAT, CHKDSK, SYS, BASIC, BASICA, DATE and TIME (the latter two added on IBM's request). This product was later called MS-DOS 1.0 by Microsoft. Similar in many ways to CP/M, it consisted of 4000 lines of assembly language source code and ran in 8 KB of memory.



Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line operating system derived from 86-DOS that was created for IBM compatible computers. MS-DOS originally written by Tim Paterson and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981 and was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and otherwise manipulate files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI
HOW TO OPEN MS DOS COMMAND PROMPT
STEP 1      

To open command prompt, click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, and then click Command Prompt
To switch between a full screen and a window, press ALT+ENTER.
To quit a command prompt session, type exit at the blinking cursor in the command prompt window.
STEP 2

Launch The Command Prompt From The Run Window

One of the quickest ways to launch the Command Prompt is to use the Run window (press Win+R on your keyboard to open it). Then, type cmd or cmd.exe and press Enter or click/tap OK.

STEP 3

Launch It From The Start Menu/Screen

If you are using Windows 7, open the Start Menu and go to All Programs -> Accessories. There you will find the Command Prompt shortcut.

  
TEXT/BACKGROUND COLORS:
The standard window displays white text on a black background. This color combination may make difficult to read. To make the window display black text on a white background, type the command: color f0 (that’s the letter F followed by the zero 0). To go back to the standard of white text on a black background, type: color
COLOR CONSOLE IN MICROSOFT DOS
Console color current Background = Console Background color
Console color current foreground = Console Foreground Color;
/Display all current foreground colors expect the one that matches the background console. Write line (“All the foreground colors except {0}.” Color);


Console. Write Line ();
//Restore the foreground color.
Console. Foreground Color = current Foreground;
// Display each background color except the  one that matches the current foreground color.
Console. Write Line (“ All the background colors except {0}, the foreground color:”,
 Current Foreground);
For each (var color in colors){
If (color== current Foreground) continue;
Console. Background Color = color;
Console. Write Line (“The background color is {0}.” Color);
 Restore the original console color.
Console. Reset Color ();
Console. Write Line (“\original colors restored…”);
//The example displays output like the following:
//All the foreground colors except Dark Cyan, the background color:
//The foreground color is black
//The foreground color is Dark Blue
//The foreground color is Dark Green
//The foreground color  is Dark Red
//The foreground color is Dark Magenta
//The foreground color is Dark Yellow
//The foreground color is Gray
//The foreground color is Dark Gray
 //The foreground color is Blue
//The foreground color is Green
//The foreground color is Cyan
//The foreground color is Red
//The foreground color is Magenta
//The foreground color is Yellow
//The foreground color is White
//All the background color except White, the foreground color:
// The background color is Black
//The background color s Dark Blue
//The background color is Dark Green
//The background color is Dark Cyan
//The background color is Dark Red
//The background color is Dark Magenta
//The background color is Dark Yellow
//The background color is Gray
//The background color is Dark Gray
//The background color is Blue
//The background color is Green
//The background color is Cyan
//The background color is Red
//The background color is Magenta
//The background color is Yellow
//Original colors restored…
Console  colors. On a console, text and background colors can be changed. This sometimes makes programs easier to use. We change colors to make programs more expensive. Errors and alerts are more noticeable. This leads to higher quality.

Example. First, the console has many static methods and properties on it. To see them, type  “Console” and press the period. Intellisense will show you the possible methods. Here we see background color and foreground color
 Black
Dark Blue
Dark Green
Dark Cyan
Dark Red
Dark Magenta
Dark Yellow
Gray
Dark Gray
Blue
Green
Cyan
Red
Magenta
Yellow
White
Black
Dark Blue
Dark Green
Dark Cyan
Dark Red
Dark Magenta
Dark Yellow
Gray
Dark Gray
Blue
Green
Cyan
Red
Magenta
Yellow
White
COLOR
Sets the default console foreground and background colors.
Syntax
        COLOR[background] [foreground]
Color attributes are specified by 2 of the following hex digits. Each digit can be of the following value:
0 = Black
8 = Gray
1 = Blue
9 = Light Green
2 = Green
A = Light  Green

3 = Aqua
B = Light Aqua
4 = Red
C = Light Red
5 = Purple
D = Light Purple
6 = Yellow
E = Light Yellow

7 = White
F = Bright White
If no argument is given, COLOR restores the color to what it was when CMD.EXE started.
Color values are assigned in the following order:
The Default color registry value.
The CMD / T command sets ERROR LEVEL to 1 if an attempt is to execute the COLOR command with a foreground and background color that are the same.
Color   17
Color   9f
Color   0f
Color    07  
Example:




COLOR 07, white on black is the default.
COLOR  00  is an invalid option and will set % ERRORLEVEL% to 1
The COLOR  command will change the color of all the text in the window.
COLOR is an internal command.
“ How much more  black could this be? “and the answer is  “None ….none more black”~ Spinal Tap.S






Related:
CMD – Start a new CMD shell
EXIT – Set a specific error level
Power Shell: Write- Host – Write output to the screen ( color can be set for individual strings ).
Color codes  -  HTML/ CSS
Aaron Margolis – change prompt colors for all Admin level prompts
Color Scheme Designer – Design color themes
Equivalent bash command ( Linux): discolors – Color setup for  “Is.







CHAPTER THREE
                             FILES AND DIRECTORIES IN MS DOS


SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Some students are saying that Microsoft disk operating system is one of the hardest and confusing package but I will like to put this impression in them that MS- DOS is an interesting package that one should know and boost of, because there is this external command which if you known how to make use of it if people will be running to you for help.













PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS
It was not an easy something for me come to the end of this project due to some certain problem, but thanks be  to God Almighty who made it possible for me to come to the end of it.
Due to insufficient time given everything has to be rushed in order to submit on time.
So I am now saying that enough space should be given so that students should browse properly and type very well like one month+.



                                      







REFERENCE
·        Cyberworld handout
·        Vera computer handout
·        Internet browsing

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