MICROSOFT EXCEL



CALCULATION IN MICROSOFT EXCEL
Calculation in Microsoft Excel is the process of computing formulars and displays the results as values in Microsoft Excel. Before you can input formular in Microsoft Excel, you must fist of al type (=) sign.
CALCULATION OPERATORS USED IN IN MICROSOFT EXCEL
Operators are symbols that specify the calculation you want to perform on the arguments of a formula. Excel’s four main arithmetic operators are:
1.                  Arithmetic Operator: This is used to perform basic mathematical operation such as;
i.              Addition (+): This is used to perform addition; it I used to add the content of the cell to another. E.g = =4+5+6 (15) or = (A1+B1).
ii.            Minus (-): This is used to subtract the number in a cell from a specified number in a cell. Eg. =8-5-2(1) or =(A1=B1).
iii.          Asterisks(*): This is used to multiply the content of a cell with a specified njmber of a cell. E.g =8*5*2(80) or (A1*B1*C1)
iv.          Slash (/): This is used to divide the content of a cell with a specified number or cell. E.g =8/2/2 or =(A1/D1)
v.            Exponential (^): This is used to perform raise to power calculation e.g 2^2 (4)
22 =2 x 2
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2.         Comparison Operator: This is used to compare two values. When the values are compared, Microsoft Excel displays the result in logic term that is, either “True” or “False”
i.       Equal (=): This is used to determine whether the content of one cell is equal to another cell e.g=(A1=B2).
ii.      Greater Than (>): This is used to determine whether the content of a cell is greater than the content of a specified cell. E.g>(A1>B1) or =(B3>C5).
iii.     Less Than (<): This is used to determine whether the content of a cell is less than the content of a specialized cell. E.g=(A2<B2) or = (B6 < B7).
iv.     Not Equal (<>): This is used to determine whether the content of a cell is not equal to the content of another. E.g=(A1<>B1).
v.      Greater Than Equal To (>=): This is used to obtain greater than or equal to when making decision in Microoft Excel e.g =(A1<=B2).        
3.         Text Concatenation Operator: This is used to merge the content of two cells or more cells as one cell. It can also convert upper case to lower or lower case to upper case.
E.gUpper (A1): This will convert the content of A1 to Capital Letter.
Lower (A1): This converts the content of A1&A2 cell to A1 with A2.
4.         Reference Operators: This is used to combining range of cell in calculation.
i.       Colon (:): This is used to define or specify range of cells e.g (A1:A4) or (A1:C5).
ii.      Commas (,): This is used to combine multiple cell differences. E.g (A1,A4,B10,B11).


EXCEL FUNCTION
Many different functions can perform calculations or operations. Excel comes with hundreds of them. They can be accessed by clicking on the fx icon. The most commonly used function is usually the Sum function. It is generally used to add a range of values, but it can be used to do other kinds of calculations. It can be accessed by clicking on the £ (Auto sum) character on the toolbar.
If Function
If Function is used to give a logical condition which Microsoft Excel can identify and make a statement (Pass or Fail/True or False). E.gformular for the calculation is =If(Logic test, 500,“value if Pass”50,“value if Fail”.
=If(F2>Pass mark,200,“Pass”, 40“Fail”).
=if (F2>=60,“Pass”, 20,“fail”,)
=If(G2>=50,“A”,If(G2>=40,“C”, If(G2>=30“F”)))
Changing the IF Function’s Results
To change the results in cell E1, change the number in cell D1. For example, change E1 to 15 and press the Enter key.
The value 100 will now be present in cell E1 since the value in D1 is now less than 26.
If you click on cell E1, the complete function =IF(D1<26,100,200) appears in the formula bar above the worksheet.
Example 1: Calculating Result
PREPARATION OF STUDENT RESULT
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
1
NAMES
ENG
MATHS
BIO
CHEM
PHY
TOTAL
AVERAGE
GRADE
2
DIVINE
78
99
59
79
99
414
82.8
A
3
UJU
99
60
78
89
68
394
78.8
B
4
NKIRU
79
65
59
80
58
341
68.2
B
5
CHINWE
78
84
88
56
58
364
72.8
B
6
PRINCESS
45
56
78
90
58
327
65.4
B
7
MABEL
90
65
34
87
45
321
64.2
B
8
PRECIOUS
55
56
57
56
57
281
56.2
C
9
PRINCE
32
23
78
50
78
261
52.2
C
10
IFEOMA
30
40
10
50
34
164
32.8
P

TO GET THE TOTAL SCORES OF THE STUDENT
Select H2 and type =SUM(C2:G2) in the Formular bar
Press ENTER KEY on the Keyboard.
Drag down from H2 to H10.

TO GET THE AVERAGE OF THE STUDENTS:
Select I2 and type =AVERAGE(C2:G2) in the Formular bar
Press ENTER Key on the Keyboard.
Drag down from I2 to I10.

TO GET THE GRADE OF THE STUDENTS:
Select J2 and type in the Formular bar,
 =IF(H2>=400,“A”, IF(H2>=300,“B”, IF(H2>=200,“C”, IF(H2<200,“P”))))
Press ENTER KEY on the Keyboard.
Drag down from J2 to J10.

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